Journey: Finding Nemo

â€Å"Finding Nemo† highlights the adventures of a clownfish named Nemo, as he unexpectedly gets captured at the Drop Off and sent to Sydney. His dad, Marlin, and his friend, Dory, go in search of Nemo encountering many dangers of the ocean. While they continue finding him, Nemo meets new friends at a fish tank of a dentist clinic in which help him escape. Towards the end, Marlin finds Nemo and together they go back to their home at the anemone.The film, â€Å"Finding Nemo†, is about the journey as Nemo travel from the familiar to the unfamiliar and the adventures that are encountered as Marlin searches for Nemo. For instance, Nemo arrives at his first day of school where he travels away from the anemone in which he lives to a new place. It is a thrilling experience which is suggested through the playful background music. Nemo’s facial expression also shows his admiration and amazement to the many colourful creatures of the sea which he has not seen before.He unp redictably gets caught in the hands of a diver due to his disobedience acts against his dad. He is taken to a fish tank where weeds and stones are artificial, space is greatly confined compared to that of the ocean and those that live in the tank including Gill, Peach, Bubbles, Jacques, Deb, Bloat and Gurgle, are the strangers in which become Nemo’s friends. The audience knows that the unfamiliar can be frightening as Nemo repeatedly says â€Å"Where’s my daddy? after his capture from the diver. Marlin on the other hand experiences the great dangers of the ocean which he has never thought of encountering as he warns Nemo that â€Å"the ocean is not safe. † His traumatic past through his loss of his wife and many clownfish babies makes him afraid of stepping out of his anemone; however, Nemo becomes the motivation for him to explore further abroad the sea.He swims to an isolated part of the sea where he meets the three sharks, Bruce, Anchor and Chum, and then fo r the first time travels across a large group of jelly fish and meets sea turtles of Sydney. Nemo’s and Marlin’s journey to the unfamiliar has led them to step out of their comfort zone and further explore the world that exists away from their home. It is very different to what they are used to, therefore leading them to adapt and become a well-informed individual they evolved into by the end of the film.

Springville Herald Case

The first data we analyzed was which errors occurred most frequently. The above Pareto chart serves to separate the â€Å"vital few† errors from the â€Å"trivial many†. The first 7 types of errors (from left to right) account for 78% of the total service errors. Concentration on eliminating those types of errors is a good first step in minimizing customer service errors and boosting revenue. If you can eliminate less than half of the error types you can eliminate more than 2/3 of the total errors. Next we looked for correlations between the data above and which errors were most costly. We again chose Pareto charts to express the relationships between the types of errors and how much they cost the company. The use of Pareto to express the total cost of each error type is valuable to identify which error types are costing the most cumulatively and also offers some correlations. Again we see the first 7 error types (from left to right) make up a large majority of the money spent correcting errors. 79% in fact. We find that 5 error types: Typesetting, Wrong position, Ran in Error, Wrong ad, and Wrong date occur in the â€Å"vital few† data of both frequency and total cost of errors. Further concentration on these 5 error types will not only go a long way in eliminating the frequency of errors, but will also eliminate a large portion of the total cost associated with service errors. Another important finding in this data is that while copy errors occur most frequently (17% of total errors) they are relatively inexpensive to fix (only 6% of the total cost of errors). So eliminating copy errors will go a long way in improving customer service, but will not have the same impact on the cost of fixing service errors. Examining the cost data further we can see which errors are the most expensive to fix on a per error basis. While Pareto was not necessary to express cost per error (cumulative % is not important in this case), it is the easiest type of chart to read with this much data and serves to show (from left to right) which errors are the most expensive to fix per occurrence. These findings reveal that Ran in Errors are the second most expensive type of error per occurrence. That combined with the fact that we already know Ran in Errors account for the highest total cost of errors (20. %) and are the 4th most frequently occurring (9%) tells us that concentrating most heavily on eliminating Ran in Errors would be the most efficient way to simultaneously improve customer service and cut costs. So let’s took a closer look at Ran in Errors. As you can see, Policy Ran in Errors are the most frequently occurring (53% of total) and by far the most expensive (82% of total). Eliminating these e rrors as quickly as possible would be the most efficient way to achieve the goal of improving customer service and cutting costs. Some information that would be useful to examine would be how the errors interact with each other. Do some errors cause others? Even if no error directly causes another it would be useful to know if eliminating errors that occur at the beginning of the publishing time line would prevent others from occurring due to the nature of publishing them. Also, observe the histogram below. As you can see the number of help desk calls per day is concentrated between 40 and 70 per day. It would be useful to know what errors these calls are in regard to. With the average calls per day known, the Herald can also streamline their customer service department to be able to handle this volume efficiently.

Facebook and Loneliness Essay

With over 955 million active Facebook users worldwide, Facebook has definitely taken over the internet, and many people’s lives. With a simple click of a button many people can communicate with each other in the blink of an eye. Being able to add however many friends one may want, or talk to how ever many people one may want would make someone assume many people are less lonely today than they were 100 years ago. However, that is not the case. In recent years, the number of chronically lonely people worldwide has gone up significantly. Why one may ask? Research has shown a direct connection to loneliness and the frequent use of Facebook. Facebook, like many other social media sites gives individuals a way to communicate with friends, family, and other individuals through the internet. Throughout the years Facebook has become a worldwide phenomenon that people have become quite obsessed with. One would think that since Facebook makes communication quicker, and easier for many people that it would make people less lonely. However, it is doing the opposite. Today, lonely people use Facebook as an outlet to run to while other things in their lives aren’t going as planned. Loneliness lies deep inside someone, and cannot be cured by â€Å"fake† communicating with an individual over Facebook. While individuals flee to Facebook to try to alleviate the pain of being lonely, it only leaves them less happy. The more these people try to be happy, the less happy they will be. It was shown that the more narcissistic one is, the more likely they are to be using Facebook. These types of people have an inflated sense of their own importance of oneself. Facebook is a perfect outlet for them to create this great self-image for oneself, while forgetting about all other aspects of life. Facebook also intrigues lonely people as a way to feel more connected to other individuals, however these other individuals over Facebook are like a dog, or a book, they are not real things to become completely intimate with. This leaves people with a sense of loneliness in the long run. Personally, I was shocked to see the statistics about how Facebook is making individuals lonelier then not. This is because I definitely thought Facebook  was bringing people less loneliness then anything by offering the service to talk to people whenever one desires. However, after reading the article I completely understand how to opposite trend is now taking place. Facebook is a perfect outlet for lonely people to run to, and it does nothing but hurt them. Though it is not Facebook alone that is making people lonely worldwide, Facebook is definitely contributing to the increasing number yearly. Since Facebook started offering one-click communication methods and the ability to talk to anyone, at any time people have become less engaged in real life and more engaged in cyber-life. Individuals struggling with family or other relationships run to their fantasy world on the internet while leaving more important issues behind them for a quick second. In a world with so much technology, and advancements in communication one would think that this would make us less lonely, but we can all see now that this is not the case.

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Abortion - Essay Example n argue that abortion is performed (especially in pregnancy’s first trimester) when the fetus is incapable of independent existence and so cannot be regarded as a separate entity (thereby giving the mother the right to choose to terminate the pregnancy or carry it to term) (Currie, 98). This group also asserts that teenagers who become mothers (parents) have very grim prospects for the future and that abortion also importantly serves to reduce the crimes that stem from the need to provide for the child (and its mother) (Paley, 221). Moreover, proponents of abortion observe that is medical technology reveals before birth that the child will be deformed or grow up to be sickly, abortion becomes handy in helping alleviate the pain of watching the child labor through a miserable life. However, abortion cannot be validated by such feeble arguments. Life begins at conception, and so abortion is akin to murder, which is punishable by law (Williams, 65). It is also unfair to kill an unborn child simply because life’s odds do not favor the parent(s). If all expectant parents reasoned like this, most of us would not be alive today. Even so, adoption still remains a fair option that gives both the parents and the child a chance at life. It is equally essential to note that rape and poverty are not valid reasons to terminate a pregnancy because abortion only punishes the child who has done absolutely nothing wrong and deserves a chance at life like the rest of us (Tushnet, 124). The problem is not the child (pregnancy) but rape, crime, unemployment, poor economies, and so on. Furthermore, apart from the ageless mental scars obtained from abortion, such procedures can also render one infertile or cause cancers. This is not to mention the billions of women who have died after an abortion gone wrong since time immemorial (Berlatsky, 78). Innately, all persons are capable of realizing the ills of abortion and to rightly reckon that no amount of academic arguments can make it

Foundation - DBQ 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Foundation - DBQ 1 - Assignment Example Therefore, a strong foundation entails the development of a framework that provides for the development of school counselling programs. This will ensure that counselling professionals do not address issues when they arise, but develop strategies that ensure issues do not occur. In addition, the prior development of the foundation ensures that the school counselling program is comprehensively integrated into the schools mission (Young and Kaffenberger 20). The integration of the program will ensure that each student in the school is included in the program, irrespective of whether the student indicates problems that require counselling or those that do not. Establishing a foundation before counselors can delve into the counselling curricula facilitates the identification of the key components of a developmental school counselling program (Young and Kaffenberger 6). Furthermore, critical factors such as the skills, attitudes and knowledge that students should acquire as a result of the schools’ counselling program are identified before the counselors can begin their work. Therefore, the development of this foundation ensures that the schools counselling strategy is comprehensively designed and delivered systematically for each and every student in the school. Evidently, the foundation of the schools counselling program can be described as program standards that facilitate consistency in the creation, design and implementation of these programs in schools. Young, Anita and Carol Kaffenberger. Making DATA work: A process for conducting action research. Journal of School Counselling 11 (2013): 1-31. Web. 12 September 2014.

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Final exam - Essay Example Therefore, I would do my best to improve employee relations because it would not only help the employees work in a collaborative manner but also it would result in increasing the company’s productivity. I would take a couple of steps to resolve the employee relations issue. First, I would make the marketing manager aware of the breakup between John and Sue. I would tell the manager that Sue does not enjoy working with John anymore because of the breakup. I would also tell the manager that Sue feels very uncomfortable when she finds John hanging around her office. After informing the manager about the nature of working relationship between Sue and John, I would advise him to choose some other employee to work with Sue on the upcoming project. In case the manager stresses on using John with Sue for the project, I would take the second step. The second step would be to improve the working relationship of Sue and John. I would summon John to my office to warn him. I would notify him that his name would be no more on the employee list if I get any complaint about him from Sue. I would also call Sue in my office to tell her that she would be going to work with John on a project and if John shows some unacceptable gesture during or after work to make her feel uncomfortable, she should let me know. Next, I would call both of them in my office together to sign a good working relationship agreement between them. In this way, I would be able to improve their working relationship for the benefit of the company. Labor relations issue is also very important in my view. The reason is that it resolves many of the individual compensation issues as well as employer-employee relationship issues. Labor relations deal mainly with the interchanges between employers and employees. â€Å"While labor relations is most often used to discuss this exchange as it pertains to unionized employees, it may also refer to

Summarize the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Summarize the article - Essay Example Other learners will fail to identify them at all. The varying grammatical sensitivity, especially on grammatical features results in different processing strategies such as rule formation and hypothesis testing. Understanding the differences in levels of awareness, provide important information especially for linguistic teachers in order to make grammatical features more salient in a given input. In this regard, learners who do not pay enough attention to the form as well as the meaning of a feature will understand them as in the case of communicative language teaching classroom (Philippa, 619). Additionally, understanding the difference in grammar features awareness among learners will assist in evaluating the significance of consciousness in understanding second languages. An aptitude test therefore assists in evaluating whether inputs provide incidental learning as well as the potential for learning other linguistic forms (Philippa, 619). Additionally, many educational institutions that adopt the communicative language teaching methodology must evaluate whether the language learning aptitude test enables learners to notice language features during incidental exposure in order to understand the significance of incidental exposure in learning as a pedagogical tool. The research indicated a high correlation between individual learning ability and the level of awareness. In this case, the level of awareness and maintenance of a given level of awareness is predicted by indicative language learning. The hypothesis was supported by 72 percent accuracy of the crossword puzzle exposure task. However, the research does not explain further the implication of this observation. In my view, the observation that language learning has no significant impact on determining the level of a learner’s awareness level in a meaning-based exposure to linguistic input is

Organisational Behaviour Literature Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organisational Behaviour - Literature review Example In this situation, it is the duty of company to motivate them and make them work in the previous pace. They might think of themselves as victims who would work on whatever the organizations assign them to do as they consider it as the company’s grace. If the employees work in this state of mind then it would be very difficult for organization to achieve the objective of downsizing (Wagner, 1991). However, a smaller proportion of people take it as exciting and career expanding because they become optimistic about themselves, optimistic in a way that there must be some extraordinary quality in them; this did not let them go out of the organization. Nevertheless, one cannot deny that larger proportion of people is always in fear and organizations must take some impactful steps to bring them on the right track. Alcoa Inc. an aluminum producing company faces the same situation during many mergers and other developmental efforts. It is one of the largest creators of air pollution in united states proving to be harmful for many human lives therefore it became urgent and serious for it to take a step. Alcoa therefore invested $330 million in a plant to help reduce the emissions such as nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. As one can see that $330 million is not small amount of money, therefore they must have thought of implementing downsizing in the company making many of their employees leave the jobs. Moreover, in 2006 installed a new plant in its branch of Swansea again requiring a huge amount of money generated by reduction in administrative costs. A joint venture of Alcoa and Alumina Limited might have caused the need for downsizing too. All these instances left Alcoa’s remaining employees with a low morale and spirit to work and managers with a great worry and apprehension of low productivity. However, one should not lose hope keep striving to achieve the best. Firstly, knowing the reasons that make employees not feel easy after downsizing would be a great help in understanding their emotions and treat them in view of that. One of the reasons is that they do not have interest in learning new skills because they assume that this will increase their workload. Naturally, no one likes to work more than he was doing earlier with a good salary. However, organizations need to change this behavior of employees buy assuring them that new skills will work in their favor, making them more profitable for the company and provide them with more chances of personal growth in the industry. Additionally, they would get more compensation with higher profits ultimately building their self-esteem and self-security. In any case, employees should feel that they contribute in the growth and development of the company this would stimulate them to work more passionately and ardently. Another reason of breaking of trust and emotions of employees is that they have lost some of very close colleagues and friends. Some might feel guilty that some of their friend lost their jobs because they were give preferences over them. All these problems occur because different people react differently towards change. Some have difficulty in accepting the change; others will find great opportunities behind them. Change, which is demolishing for ones, might prove to be exciting for others. Some express their anger and frustration, while others fight with it silently. Some get release after complaining whereas others talk a lot but actually are encouraging the

Social media plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social media plan - Essay Example There are so many different ways of using the sites to reach out. The Church on The Rock is located in St. Peters, Missouri. St. Peters Missouri is dependent on the church and the churches ability to strengthen the community. The church offers many different services at different times, community involvement, mobile apps, and teen & child programs. The Churches website is very insightful and welcoming. A newcomer could easily access information and find out projects and service times. Since the utilization of the website, it would be beneficial to implement a plan that could utilize other social networking sites to achieve a specific objective. Achieving this objective can only be achieved with a proper plan that utilizes the social media sites in the best way possible. Face book is a free site that has hundreds of thousands of users. The site allows individuals to create a profile and connect with other friends, businesses and organizations. The Church on the Rock should create a fa ce book profile that highlights the main components of the church. The page can allow a great place for church members to connect with one another. The page will allow church members to interact and comment on one another’s thoughts and ideas. The page can be used to discuss scripture, worship and assist others with problems. Sometimes it is easier to communicate in forms other than face to face and church members can greatly benefit.

Response paper to pride and prejudice by jane austen Essay

Response paper to pride and prejudice by jane austen - Essay Example r breaking up with Jane based on information brought to him by these same society friends because she does not come from their ‘set’ was surprising as was the idea that Jane would take him back anyway. However, I can understand that she would have done anything for him because she really did love him and the times were much different then. During the Victorian period, women were very limited in what they could do as a means of supporting themselves. Basically, if they wanted to have any chance at mingling with ‘polite’ society, they had to be aware of the more rigid rules of manners in high society and they had to try to find a husband early. That was pretty much everything they were born and educated to do. Outside of taking care of the house and the family, there weren’t many acceptable ways that girls could take care of themselves. They were usually considered the responsibility of a male relative, who was given the right to choose their husbands for them and had control over their money and activities. Girls who did not have male relatives to take care of them, like Charlotte Lucas, had to resort to the only field in which women could retain some degree of respectability, which was taking a position in someone’s home as a governess. The idea that even this was relatively horrible is expr essed when Charlotte would rather marry Mr. Collins, who she is not overly fond of, rather than become a governess somewhere. I really hated the idea that women were so limited in what they could do given all that they have accomplished in the past 100 years. Imagine what society would be like today if the whole population, rather than just half of it, was involved in it. Charlotte’s marriage to Mr. Collins is not seen to be the kind of happy love affair that eventually develops between Jane and Charles and Elizabeth and Darcy. Although Mr. Collins continues to call her by endearing names, he does so with such lack of feeling that one gets the

Luxury Market in China Essay Example for Free

Luxury Market in China Essay China is positioned to become the world’s largest luxury market in five years and a study by Datamonitor reported China’s luxury goods market was worth $9. 4billion by the end of 2009, which accounted for 27. 5% of the world’s luxury goods market. [1] They also predict that by 2015, China’s market will be valued at $14. 6billion. The main driver of this growth in the luxury gods market is the extreme wealth creation that China has experiences in the past ten years as its GDP has grown 10% annually on average, which is three times more than the global GDP. Investment Week quotes a recent World Wealth Report by Merrill Lynch Cap Gemini stating that there are 477,000 Chinese millionaires and China is also leading the world with the number of billionaires (Investment week. [2]) The combination of the staggering growth of the Chinese economy creating such great private wealth and the political and social evolution China has gone through over the last 30 years has created a tidal wave of opportunity for luxury retailers. Politically, China has gone through many changes over the last thirty years that has primed the economy and citizens for a surge in individualism and the pride in the ability to afford and purchase luxury goods. In 1976 Mao Zedong passed away and in 1979 the One Child Policy was introduced and applied by China’s new leader, Deng Xiaoping. China’s population was growing at an alarming rate and in order to curb this growth rate, Chinese were limited to having one child per household. Fast-forward thirty years and these only children, who have been raised by 6 parents, has created a â€Å"little emperor† mentality where their every desire it met, and is recently being satiated by Western goods. They now have buying power and they are spending it on high priced goods. The choices and options available today are a stark contrast to the limitations their parents experienced thirty years prior in a vastly different political time. Socially, China has always been a country deeply embedded in traditions such as gift giving, saving face and the respect for the hierarchal society. These traditions all stem from â€Å"guanxi,† the all-important notion of relationships, which is what drives business and social status. The culture of relationships is paramount for being successful in China so the combination of mass wealth and the traditions all surrounding Guanxi has attributed to the exponential growth of the luxury market in China. Although the Chinese have been known to be a culture of saving, the tides have shifted and the 20-30 something’s have created a society of excessive spending due to extravagant purchases to support their new tastes as well as these traditions. The new breed of buyers are young and are embracing their freedom to purchase in their capitalistic society, which is a far cry from their parents socialist upbringing. Therefore both social and political changes have created this perfect storm of excess, which is fueling the luxury good market in China and for many years to come. Mao Zedong, the leader of China from 1949 until his death in 1976 is still regarded as a controversial figure but his rule and communist policies molded the beliefs of many parents and grandparents living in China today. Under Mao’s rule there was no individualism and consumption was controlled. Mao is regarded as a great leader in China as he is thought to have laid the groundwork for China becoming the great power that it is today as a result of his leadership of the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. While he did create the building blocks for present day China, he has been compared to communist leaders like Hitler and Stalin. He urged citizens to reject capitalism and even at one point â€Å"proposed the Socialist Education Movement (SEM) in an attempt to educate the peasants to resist the temptations of feudalism and the sprouts of capitalism that he saw re-emerging in the countryside. †[3] The citizens living in these times are now parents and while their lifestyles are very conservative, they are raising children in a very different political environment. Their children didn’t have a communist ruler and therefore have different views on modesty and consumption. While there is still a strict focus on studying and discipline, the focus on success and showing that you are successful has been morphed into an obsession with Western brands showing pride in ones accomplishments. Even as young children the Western culture is quite alluring, with children asking to be rewarded for good grades by going to McDonalds as we were told by one of the speakers. Today in China, people are who they wear. Even as Nicole from LVMH mentioned, the Chinese are obsessed with showing that they are wearing designer brands that you will see some wearing clothes and sunglasses with the tags still on them to show who the designer is. These â€Å"nouveau riche† are the products of parents who didn’t have any choices and now they are embarrassing their freedom to chose. Forbes reported â€Å"the average Chinese luxury consumer will spend roughly 11% of her income on luxury handbags along. †[4] They also go on to say that these consumers are â€Å"highly educated and highly motivated to identify products that will complement his or her individuality and rising power. †4 Parents of these kids weren’t allowed to have individuality, but now their children are not only wanting it but also seeking it with huge spending power. Spending 11% of your income on a luxury bag shows the emotional and mental bond to these luxury items. In the US simply to qualify for a loan for a mortgage, your total debt can’t be more than 45% of your income. To think that a quarter of that goes towards handbags alone not even included likely purchases like luxury cars, wines etc makes me think if this type of spending is going to be sustainable for the Chinese market. In China, there were many nice cars, but I didn’t think that perhaps these people are driving cars they can’t afford. I am used to the United States where living on credit is a way of life, but this takes it to a whole new level. The millionaires are able to afford this, but if a middle class person is spending such a high percentage of her income on something like handbags, its going to create an economy where nobody can afford to buy a house and retirement is never attainable. One of the Bentley students that sat with us at lunch mentioned that she wanted to buy a house but that she couldn’t without her parent’s financial support due to the 50%-70% down payment required. She and most young people are lucky that their parents have saved and will be able to help them, but for those in the younger generation who aren’t saving won’t be able to help their kids and there might be a whole future generation who can never afford to own property. These younger generations parents grew up in a communist and socialist society, where there isn’t the ability to care about status, but status and luxury has now become the currency in China. The millionaires in China are younger with an average age of 39. [5] These young millionaires enjoy showing their status with nice things from great bottles of wine, cars to handbags. They are achieving success and are looking to reward themselves with nice things, which also shows status among their peers. A report on the watch market, mentioned that men â€Å"need a watch of a certain quality to be part of the social circle. †[6] The need to show status and create a sense of belonging in a social group has become so apparent that retailers are taking notice and even creating products specifically for the Chinese buyer. Mercedes Benz is even making a car with a longer wheelbase for the Chinese businessmen who are chauffeured around and need to have more room in the back which is a big difference from the rest of the world where carmakers are creating smaller cars that consume less energy and are more economical. [7] The retailers and manufacturers of world are taking note that the new Chinese buyer is very different from their parents given all of the political changes of the past few decades. While the political changes are one factor in the shift of buying trends, policy has also been a great factor and one specifically is the One Child Policy, which was introduced in 1979. This policy has created what many call, the â€Å"Little Emperor† society as a result of one child being raised by 6 parents (on immediate and two sets of grandparents. ) These children have grown up being catered to and supported by six people and now their wants and needs are changing, as they get older. Where as their parents likely gave them the best they could afford, these 20 and 30 something’s are becoming obsessed with Western brands, which cost a premium. Even with a 30% import tax, individuals who grew up getting what they wanted are buying these Western luxury brands, at times spending their entire months salary on a handbag. Although their parents had a culture of saving, this new generation tastes for highly taxed Western goods to show status has greatly changed this cultural norm. For this generation to keep up with their friend, they have forgone the notion of saving in replacement of a life full of luxury goods with no savings. I spoke to Mico about this on the bus and she mentioned that her friends spend all of their money on luxury goods and there’s now a saying in Chinese that means that you spend all of your money that you make that month. She mentioned that buying fakes is a faux pas and that they only buy the real things, which is what leads to them spending all of their money. She noted that this was very different from the upbringing of her parents who were brought up saving almost 40% of their money. In the popular market that we went to in Shanghai, there were almost no Chinese in there and when we asked Mico if she went to the market to get knockoffs, she said that knockoffs’ were â€Å"so three years ago. † It quickly became apparent why That is there where Chinese people in the markets; they are in the real stores buying the real thing. In the streets it was quite apparent that everyone had designer bags and clothing on, but this was mainly in Shanghai, Beijing and Hangzhou. In Xi’an there was still a feeling of communism, everything was still grey and there weren’t many people sporting their designer clothes. The opportunity right now is in the 1s tier cities and many retailers are trying to expand to the 2nd and 3rd tier cities. The opportunity in China purely based on the enormous populations in these cities. The first focus for the retailers were the tier 1 cities and now the 2nd and 3rd tier cities will be paramount for companies to sustain this continued growth. While political changes have made way for the change in buying and spending trends of young Chinese buyers, tradition has maintained an important part of the culture across all generations of Chinese and the luxury market surge has been fueled by these traditions. Guanxi, the focus on relationships as part of the Chinese culture has many components, one of which is the value of gift giving as a sign of respect. Gift giving is a huge part of Chinese culture, most prominent around the Chinese New Year, but a very large part of life socially and professionally year round. According to the authors of the book â€Å"The Cult of the Luxury Brand,† â€Å"quanxi†¦is the single biggest factor spurring the growth of luxe in China. †[8] When you give a gift to someone in China, it means you are thanking him or her for helping you but also solidifies your â€Å"guanxi† with them and continues the future relationship. Luxury items are now raising the bar in gift giving as recipients truly appreciate the luxury gifts and merchants have reported â€Å"frantic levels of spending† 8 all at once by shoppers who are looking to purchase gifts for their business partners and friends. The culture of saving face plays into this as well since the more luxurious the gift, the better. If you are looking to show great gratitude and â€Å"save face† then you will purchase a luxury item as a gift. In business face is extremely important so even Western brands are also learning this culture of gift giving, as they know the importance of partners in their business so they are making sure to take care of them by giving great gifts. In addition to the culture of gift giving that has fueled the luxury market growth, the culture of hierarchal respect has also attributed to this. Many Chinese of the younger generation believe that luxury products â€Å"mark where you have traveled up to but they also give you permission to continue succeeding. †[9] In a culture where you are competing with so many people and success is so important, it’s easy to see how luxury products represent achieving a certain social status and also denotes the fact that you will stay in that status. As Nicole from LVMH was speaking to us she noted that there are usually 40-50 students in each classroom. Students from an early age learn to be one in a large crowd, but as they get older and look to prove to the world what they have accomplished, and they use designer goods to reflect their status. The irony of this is that one would think that after growing up being one in a crowd, one would think that they would want to show status and individuality, but the items they purchase to show their status is exactly what their peers have chosen, which is likely a Louis Vuitton handbag. For instance, although it was quite conducive to the weather, when we were in China, every single person had Ugg boots on. In the US while Ugg is a popular brand, there are many more brands being worn, as there are many more tastes expressed by individuals. It was very interesting to see that there was a proliferation of a small number of brands, namely Louis Vuitton, as I came to quickly realize that the Chinese want to wear brands that are recognizable. While they are moving towards a more individualistic society, their tendency to be one of a group is still quite prominent. They do value the luxury brands to show status, but their need to be part of a group, albeit a high status group, is still quite unmistakable in the sea of Gucci and Louis Vuitton purses that were worn like a badge of honor by the women of China. The trip to China was quite eye-opening form the perspective of a Westerner who is used to a more modest lifestyle with an abundance of variety. The flashy cars and purses were immediately apparent from Beijing through Shanghai, but as I sit here thinking about the political and social changes that China has gone through in the past few decades, I only with I was smart enough to somehow capitalize on this. China is a fascinating country to visit given its great history and culture that is evident today, but it’s also great to have visited a country that is still going through many changes and evolving at such a rapid rate. While the rest of the world is clearly evolving, China is doing so at an exponentially quicker rate than most and that was quite clear with the sea of cranes in every city putting up buildings everywhere. I do believe that culture will always be a part of the Chinese people and lifestyle, but it will be interesting to see when this locomotive of luxury obsession begins to ebb or if China will meet its own credit crunch in the coming years given the drastic change in spending habits that the younger generations have adopted. [1] Chinese appetite for premium products growing despite slowing economic activity. Datamonitor July 20010, English ed. : 16. Print. [2] Andrea Gerst and Scilla Huang Sun, â€Å"China’s passion for luxury goods increases,† Investment Week, September 6, 2010. [3] â€Å"Cultural China,†http://history. cultural-china. com/en/46H9449H13452. html [4] Evelyn Rusli, â€Å"What Chinese Shoppers Want,† Forbes, March 8, 2010. [5] Andrea Gerst and Scilla Huang Sun, â€Å"China’s passion for luxury goods increases,† Investment Week, September 6, 2010. [6] Florent Bondoux, â€Å"Luxury watches find booming market in China,† Media, September 10, 2009, 17. [7] â€Å"Lengthened Mercedes-Benz E-Class to hit Chinese shores† http://www. benzinsider. com/2010/04/lengthened-mercedes-benz-e-class-to-hit-chinese-shores/ [8] â€Å"China Luxury,† http://app1. hkicpa. org. hk/APLUS/0710/p24_29. pdf [9] â€Å"Is Chinas Luxury Goods Market a Pot of Gold for Marketers? † Knowledge at Wharton, assessed July 27, 2007, http://english. cri. cn/2946/2007/07/27/[emailprotected] htm.

Studying the character of Caliban in The Tempest Essay Example for Free

Studying the character of Caliban in The Tempest Essay â€Å"There’s enough wood within,†- Caliban (1, 2). Those were the first words of Caliban in one of the William Shakespeare’s greatest plays. In every play of his, there is always this one character that really comes into attention – and for this play, it’s Caliban. Caliban’s character in The Tempest is portrayed in such a way; it captures the attention of many audiences. He is first shown to be a savage who in the later stages, opens up, to not become more monstrous, but a considerate human being. After analysing this play, I have developed quite a lot of opinions on his character throughout the pay, which I will expand on, in further detail. Commencing with a Tempest, that Prospero conjures up, we can see that the crew really has a hard time, as Trinculo and Stephano jump overboard. Once the Tempest calms down, Trinculo finds this majestic island where he first meets Caliban. â€Å"Lo now, lo! Here comes a spirit of his to torment me,† (2, 2) and also when Stephano comes in, â€Å"Do not torment me, I prithee (2, 2).† From this, I can establish that Caliban’s small fear of Trinculo and Stephano starts here. When he realises that they aren’t spirits to torment, he soon loosens himself up and says, â€Å"These be fine things, and if they not sprites! That’s a brave god and bears celestial liquor (2, 2)† From this situation, it is evident that Caliban is a person whose fears does not get in the way of knowing people. From what briefly happened, I can tell that he is opening minded about people. Claiming that, â€Å"The spirit torments me,† to calling Stephano, â€Å"A brave God,† who in his eyes, offers heavenly beer, takes a person who can trust. To put trust into people has many great aspects – much strength, but in this case, his trust was later taken on as a weakness. The fact he also calls a person he just met, a God, shows that he has never been treated with such kindness, as a little gesture of offering beer turns a butler into a God. However, the respect he gives, he doesn’t receive. Stephano says, â€Å"How now, moon calf? (2, 2)† The words moon calf is not very pleasant, as it means deformed offspring. With this phrase, he is insulting Caliban and his parents, as he came as an ugly child from them. Probably knowing what a moon calf infers, he didn’t come back with an insult, but replied kindly, â€Å"Hast thou not dropped from heaven?† This is very strange, because if Prospero said that, he would curse him will all the names under the sun. This shows that he respects them dearly and never wants to lose them as masters and/or friends. His respect and trust increases as he later of says, â€Å"I’ll kiss thy foot. I’ll swear myself thy subject.† When Caliban says this, he is automatically volunteering to become at a lower status than them. He is offering to slave away and in my opinion, this is cowardly behaviour, as he knew that Stephano and Trinculo are petrified of this â€Å"Monstrous moon calf!† He could have got the 2 to be his slave, but he didn’t. Instead, he obeyed their every command, like for example, kneel when Stephano says, â€Å"Come on then down and swear.† This makes him weak, who doesn’t obey Prospero, but like a â€Å"Puppy headed monster,† acts like a loyal, cute puppy towards Stephano. Caliban acts like this because he isn’t cut out to be a leader, but a slave. I believe this comes down to his mother failing to nurture him in a good way. Even though he is a monster, he is shown to suffer the same psychological effects as humans. This means that the absence of his mother to guide him, has affected him an awful lot, bringing down his confidence and ability to step up. Sycorax, his mother must have treated him in such a way to make him always feel like he is under everyone. For example, she stole the island Caliban found himself. She then took charge of things straight away, not letting Caliban have a say. In a contrasting side to Caliban, he can be very violent, treacherous and rebellious. His violent side was not shown in the play, but was talked about when he, Prospero and Miranda were talking. â€Å"In mine own cell; till thou didst seek to violate the honour of my child. (1, 2)† The honours of Prospero’s child, would have been Miranda’s virginity. In the comforts of her own home, Caliban would have raped her. Caliban was really accepted as a part of their family, but he blew it as soon as he attempted to rape her, His sexual attraction towards Miranda, is what made him treacherous. In reply to this, Caliban said â€Å"O ho, O ho! Wouldn’t have been done! Thou didst prevent me; I had peopled else this isle with Calibans.† Inevitably, he would have raped her and got away with it. Nothing could have happened to stop him. And to say that he would have filled the isle with Calibans; little monstrous things running about the place, is loathsome behaviour. He also started off by saying â€Å"O ho, O ho!† In this context, he is wickedly laughing at the fact that if he did go ahead with the rape, he (like a rapist), would have no remorse. Moreover, he is extremely insulting towards Prospero. On multiple occasions, he takes every chance to take a jab at Prospero. He says things like â€Å"May the red plague rid you (1, 2)† or â€Å"Subject to be a tyrant† and many more. The one really long speech that curses Prospero really does give the audience a huge chunk of Caliban’s emotions towards Prospero. â€Å"Teach me how to name the bigger light and how the less that burn by day and night and then I loved thee,† When he said that, it’s beautiful how he appreciated how Prospero taught him language. When he said â€Å"I loved thee,† it shows he really loved the old life he had. In my opinion, if someone, even Caliban, loved a person; an element of love will always remain within oneself. This tiny bit of love and happiness quickly turned to anger. Anger is one of Caliban’s strengths. â€Å"Curst be I did so. All the charms of Sycorax, toads, beetles, bats, light on you,† Not just anger but regret is shown when he says â€Å"Curst be I did that so,† Here, he came to a realisation that trusting Prospero was a bad idea as he had it all thrown back in his face. All this being felt, he expressed by throwing back what Prospero gave in his face. The teaching of good language, he turned to a curse, later on cursing him with his own mother. Analysing those 2 lines, we can see that Caliban is a troubled person who just wants what a human wants. His main wish is respect. All he wants is to be treated with respect just like before. The trouble is Caliban doesn’t understand why all the trust in him was lost. This is one part of him that makes people think, he isn’t human, even though other parts of his personality is. Using â€Å"Sycorax† in the curse, makes me think about his desperateness for a human body and a normal mother. Deep inside, Caliban must blame his deformed body on his mother, who is so foul; she is used in a curse. When it comes to the ruling system and their stories to the crown, Caliban and Prospero have a similarity. â€Å"Which first was mine own king,† He is here simply saying that he himself was the king of the island until Prospero came along. This is similar to Prospero’s story, as he was a usurped king. I think Caliban can empathise with Prospero, but the opposite can’t be done The reason this can’t happen is because Prospero loathes Caliban. â€Å"Though poisonous slave got by the devil himself,† By him getting called a poisonous slave, shows how much he thinks of Caliban. Calling him a poisonous slave, show that all the think Caliban does is cause death and is sent by the devil to do so. Moreover, the devilish thought of him is expanded. He believes that Caliban is a â€Å"most lying slave, whom stripes may move not kindness,† When he says this, he means that Caliban will not listen, or do anything out of kindness, but out of escaping all the whipping he gets. Miranda then responds to this and says â€Å"Though thou didst learn, had that int which good natures!† Here, she is telling Prospero and Caliban no matter how much she taught him about manners, he never seemed to learn. Here is where the idea of nature and nurture comes in. Some people would argue, this is down to nurture and how he was raised by his horrible mother. They would blame it all on her as she neglected him to let him fend for himself. This is not what a good mother would do. However, others would argue that this is all down to nature and that some people were born evil. To be born evil, means that they will never learn, they would always be heartless, not care about anyone surrounding them, all because the person is selfish. I don’t think either of these factors are to blame because I know Caliban has a heart, but he just chooses when and when not to be kind and when and when not to listen. Through kindness, he could explain what he feels to Prospero, but instead plots to have him murdered, alongside Stephano and Trinculo. â€Å"I’ll yield him thee asleep, where thou mayst knock a nail into his head,† This method of death is very gory, showing he is a very violent person, as knocking a nail into ones head involves a huge amount of blood. On the other hand, Caliban may be thinking horrid death methods, but is unable to carry out the murder himself. He explains how he will get Prospero to sleep, but then orders Stephano to knock a nail in his head. There are 2 ways of analysing this, Caliban is mentally weak and doesn’t have the capacity to carry any murder out or he still has good attributes towards Prospero, and can’t hurt him, as they had a good relationship in the past. In the play, a couple of characters speeches before, he says, â€Å"Revenge it on him,† This shows that he felt as if Prospero put him to sleep, hit a nail into his head and snatched all his freedom away from him. I do feel a bit of pity for Caliban because he can’t express his hate through talking, not through violence. He however, can express beauty through speech as in Act 3 Scene 2; he shows Stephano what is not to be feared of in the island. â€Å"Be not afeared. The isle is full of noises, sounds and sweet airs that give delight and hurt not,† From the first 2 lines of the speech, I can see that Caliban has a soft spot, and really appreciates the joy of nature. â€Å"Sweet airs that give delight and hurt no one,† shows that he knows the true meaning of beauty and delight. He says â€Å"Will make me sleep again; and then in dreaming, then later on â€Å"The clouds me thought, would open and show riches,† This part shows that he has an interest in magic. Influenced by Prospero, I can see that Caliban isn’t that earthly, rough monster, but he is a bit of a sky person too. Even though he didn’t know that all these beautiful sounds were made by Ariel, he moulds to like this music, getting influenced by Ariel’s creative poetry, beauty and thinking. Additionally, he says he wants to dream; dream about all the fantasies and melodious music. In this 3rd scene, he is not portrayed as a repulse, but a beautiful human who has a deep appreciation for Prospero’s magic, music, art and beauty. His depth of attachment to this island is as strong as Prosperos was to his old island. â€Å"I cried to dream again,† is what he says after and this is very emotive, especially after it came out of Caliban’s mouth. His crying for it shows he is desperate to dream for beauty and to just dream about that forever. The relationship between Caliban and Prospero is very unstable, because throughout the play, we can see their highs and lows. Even though Caliban can be quite nasty, he really respects Prospero as a leader. Nearing the end of the play, Caliban asks for forgiveness as if he is still under Prospero’s lead. â€Å"Ay that I will. And I’ll be wise hereafter and seek for grace,† From this, we can see this experience has educated Caliban into being wise after and to never make a huge mistake again. Seek for grace shows he is looking for forgiveness and does respect Prospero, even though he shows a lot of hate. In the Tempest, Caliban was mainly portrayed as a monster, but in my opinion, he isn’t one. Many people have different opinions of him because if he were to e human, he wouldn’t be judges the same. As time passed, his position in society changed, due to many historic events. When America was found, places were colonised, changing people’s civil rights. If these rights were to have been there at the time the play was written, William wouldn’t have made him look to be this monster, especially after Prospero took the isle off him. Discrimination, and him being a ‘moon calf’ made people think less of him. This low standard that characters in the play had set for him, forces Caliban to be the savage people said he was; leading him to attempt to rape Miranda and attempt to kill Prospero. I can’t blame him because I would say he was nurtured in a bad way by his cruel mother Sycorax. As she was a witch, her lifestyle and personality traits, must have influenced Caliban to be the same. He wouldn’t have had an escape from her, because he didn’t have a father he could rely on. After analysing this, I would say that Caliban is a normal human; I don’t have the right to judge, because everyone has different circumstances, whether it is a broken family, or society being harsh on a person.

An Effect of Mood-induced Emotions on Forgetting

An Effect of Mood-induced Emotions on Forgetting An effect of mood-induced emotions on forgetting non-retrieved personal autobiographical memories Demet Ay Abstract Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) will be investigated with emotional material. Autobiographical memory as a material for presented paradigm gains importance in terms of its emotional component. There are controversial findings about effect of emotional valence on RIF effect between psychological disorder people and control group. While having inhibitory deficit disorder might be related to less RIF effect for negative stimulus, present study also aims to find positivity bias toward emotional component autobiographical memory. Keywords: Retrieval-induced forgetting, emotion, autobiographical memory An effect of mood-induced emotions on forgetting non-retrieved personal autobiographical memories Moods have an influence on several psychological construct like verbal task performance (Gray, 2001), false memories (Storbeck Clore, 2005). Another crucial thing that mood impact on is what we remember (Blix Brennen, 2012) and forget (Bauml Kuhbandner, 2007) from our past. Not only remembering events from one’s personal life but also the fact that which memories and in what ways are forgotten gain importance in recent years (Barnier, Hung, Conway, 2004). Forgetting specific events from our past can be either intentionally or unintentionally, as it names suggested directed forgetting and retrieval-induced forgetting, respectively (Barnier et al., 2004). Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) is firstly investigated by Anderson, Bjork, and Bjork (1994). They define the problem of forgetting not in terms of capacity or real forgetting problem but accessibility problem because of retrieving some of items more than the others. To test which items not to be retrieved, they use retrieval-induced paradigm in which is composed of three special phase. In the original version of paradigm, they use word and associative cues such as fruit, vegetables, or car brands. Participants are first exposed to word pairs with specific cue and then they are shown half of items from one of the presented cue and then tested to retrieve all items. Consistent finding for different material among several studies show that practicing particular item inhibits sharing cue item therefore it is less likely remembered than unpracticed category (Murayama, Miyatsu, Buchli, Storm, 2014, for review). RIF effect has been demonstrated for different materials such as lexical c ues (Bajo, Gomez-Ariza, Fernandez, Marful, 2006), pictures (Ford et al., 2004), videos (Miguelez Garcia-Bajos, 2007) and so forth. Effect of emotion on retrieval-induced forgetting has two main questions (Bauml, Pastà ¶tter, Hanslmayr, 2010). First is about current emotional state of participants. Retrieval practice of either positive or neutral emotion-induced participants tend to forget more non-practiced and shared cue items than negative mood induced participants (Bauml, Pastà ¶tter, Hanslmayr, 2010; Bauml and Kuhbandner, 2007). Bauml and Kuhbandner (2007) find empirical evidence for negative state effect in which exposing negative mood during retrieval practice results in lacking of inhibition. Therefore, they remember more non-practice material from practiced category. Neither emotional material nor autobiographical memory gain rather little attendance but Barnier and his colleagues (2004) are firstly attempted to use one’s personal memory as a material for RIF paradigm recently. However, there are controversial findings about an effect of mood on unintentional forgetting resulting from retrieval practice. For example, Barnier and his colleagues (2004) find that participants tend only to forget neutral stimulus, words, rather than emotional positive and negative one when they manipulate participants’ reported autobiographical memory as positive, neutral, and negative. In other words, retrieval-induced forgetting effect occurs only for neutral stimulus. Another consistent finding about remembering or forgetting emotional stimuli and investigating intensity of each stimuli show similar results with above mentioned experiment (Kuhbandner, Bauml, Stiedl, 2009). However, Harris, Sharman, Barnier, and Moulds (2010) find positivity bias tow ard emotional material of autobiographical memory with dysphoric patients. Hauer and Wessel (2006) also find consistently positivity bias in which means remembering more positive memory than negative memory with an addition of classic RIF effect in their first experiment. Since RIF effect is considered as resulting from inhibition (see Storm Levy, 2012, for review), examining the effect for people who have mood-induced disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, Amir, Badour, Freese, 2009) and major depression (Groome Sterkaj, 2010) is crucial to investigate effect of mood on RIF effect. Amir and his colleagues (2009) implement the paradigm to PTSD group and either non-trauma exposed group or trauma exposed group. They find the difference between both of control groups and PTSD group in a way that PTSD patients cannot have an ability to inhibit irrelevant material so they do not demonstrate RIF effect. In line with this background, elicited autobiographical memories by participants with regard to each emotion-induced words getting from PANAS (Watson, Clark, Tellegen, 1988) will be used as manipulation across participants and it will hypothesized that memories included negativity will be more impacted from RIF effect based on Harris and colleagues (2010) and Wessel and Hauer (2006) findings. Dependent variable of presented study will be the fact that which material will be remembered and which of them will not be retrieved. Further analysis will be made in terms of emotional ingredients of each emotion. Since population attending this experiment does not have any mood-related disorder, lack of inhibition for positivity will be less expected. Method Participants Participants will be recruited from Yeditepe University psychology undergraduate students by the flyer. Mean age of them will be most probably in between nineteen and twenty-two. Each participants report their past history about the fact that whether they experience mood-related disorder in any part of their life. No one reports such experience. And none of the participants have taken memory course since then. Informed consent will be taken from them and they will be debriefed about an aim of the experiment at the end. Materials Modified version of retrieval-induced paradigm which is investigated by Anderson and his colleagues (1994) will be used in this experiment. Modification was made by Barnier and his colleagues (2004) in order to make it applicable to autobiographical memory. In terms of this procedure, participants’ own past memory that is elicited by them will be used as material. They are willing to report memory in terms of emotional words not just like happy or sad but further higher-order emotions like shame and guilty. Since there are extreme controversies about theory of emotion (Ortony Turner, 1990), affective statements in positive and negative affect scale (PANAS, Watson et al., 1988) in the context of Turkish statements (Genà §Ãƒ ¶z, 2000) will be used as category-cue. Turkish version of scale is consisted of twenty affective statement, ten is closed to positive remaining is closed to negative emotional statements, and each participants will be required to elicit a memory for each emotion-included words. These memories will be used as a material for retrieval-induced paradigm. For control condition, each participant will also elicit two memories in terms of give no valence random word. Since I have enough number of participants, differences between these random words will not be a problem. Procedure Experiment will consist of four distinct phase based on Barnier and his colleagues (2004) experiment in which firstly investigate autobiographical memory in the RIF paradigm. Elicitation phase will involve that memories will be recorded for each participants orally by using audio recorder. Participants will be required to answer five wh- questions specifically. These recording will be transferred into written type by blind people. Rest of the experiment will be conducted a week after from elicitation phase. Deception will take place by saying the fact that an aim of the experiment is to investigate emotional valence of past memories of university students. Learning phase of the experiment will take place individually. Each participant will be shown their own memories elicited a week ago. During retrieval practice phase participants will be half of either exposed to closed-to-positive valence word’s memory or vice versa randomly. Name of each variable will be used as Anderson a nd his colleagues (1994) used. At the final phase of the classic retrieval-induced paradigm, each participant will be asked to retrieve all memories. At the end, emotional intensity of each category cue and elicited memories will be collected by 5 type likert scale. Expected results In the first place, relative emotional intensity among each triggered words will be rated to participants by five likert-type scale by attributing 1 to extremely negative valence and 5 to extremely positive valence after experimental paradigm will be done. Furthermore, relative emotional intensity of each autobiographical memory will also be rated by participants. Results will be expected in a way that hypothesis is constructed. Series of one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be used to test hypothesis. To begin with, randomly assigned elicited memories in terms of category cue will be manipulated. Each cue will be analyzed within themselves. Finally, closed-to-positive and closed-to-negative memories (10 for each) will be compared to each other. Positivity bias will also be expected consistent with Hauer and Wessel (2006) finding. Discussion Retrieval-induced forgetting can be said that it has functional importance in terms of different situations such as psychological disorders (Amir et al., 2009). They found lack of inhibition for negative emotional material in PTSD patients. This finding suggests that if neurological basis of RIF can be reliably investigated then PTSD can be figured out by this method. Present study also aims to find specific effect of emotional autobiographical memory on inhibition in which is regarded most probably as reason for RIF (Storm Levy, 2012). Investigating an effect of emotion on any construct is one of the hardest but crucial questions. Result of this experiment will give rise to further questions into the field in a way that how each specific emotion-included material affects unintentional forgetting for people. Neurological basis of the RIF as a phenomenon is recently investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI, Kuhl, Dudukovich, Kahn, Wagner, 2007), and electrophysiological methods (Hellerstedt Johansson, 2014). According to Johansson and his colleagues (2007), ERP studies should shed light first possible correlates of ERP with regard to RIF, and inhibitory mechanisms with regard to individual differences on RIF scores. Further studies about neurological basis of RIF should be accounted for possible specific location activation during retrieval practice in terms of emotional content of the material. I expect special amygdala activation during retrieval practice when negative-correlated stimulus is presented. Reference List Amir, N., Badour, C. L., Freese, B. (2009). The effect of retrieval on recall of information in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder.Journal of anxiety disorders,23(4), 535-540. Anderson, M. C., Bjork, R. A., Bjork, E. L. (1994). Remembering can cause forgetting: retrieval dynamics in long-term memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,20(5), 1063. Bajo, M. T., Gà ³mez-Ariza, C. J., Fernandez, A., Marful, A. (2006). Retrieval-induced forgetting in perceptually driven memory tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(5), 1185. Barnier, A., Hung, L., Conway, M. (2004). Retrievalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ induced forgetting of emotional and unemotional autobiographical memories.Cognition and Emotion,18(4), 457-477. Bà ¤uml, K. H., Kuhbandner, C. (2007). Remembering can cause forgetting—but not in negative moods.Psychological Science,18(2), 111-115. Bà ¤uml, K. H., Pastà ¶tter, B., Hanslmayr, S. (2010). Binding and inhibition in episodic memory—Cognitive, emotional, and neural processes. Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(7), 1047-1054. Blix, I., Brennen, T. (2012). Retrieval-induced forgetting after trauma: A study with victims of sexual assault.Cognition emotion,26(2), 321-331. Ford, R. M., Keating, S., Patel, R. (2004). Retrievalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ induced forgetting: A developmental study. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(4), 585-603. Genà §Ãƒ ¶z, T. (2000). Positive and Negative Affect Schedule: A study of validity and reliability. Tà ¼rk Psikoloji Dergisi. Gray, J. R. (2001). Emotional modulation of cognitive control: Approach–withdrawal states double-dissociate spatial from verbal two-back task performance.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,130(3), 436. Harris, C. B., Sharman, S. J., Barnier, A. J., Moulds, M. L. (2010). Mood and retrievalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ induced forgetting of positive and negative autobiographical memories.Applied Cognitive Psychology,24(3), 399-413. Hauer, B. J., Wessel, I. (2006). Retrievalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ induced forgetting of autobiographical memory details.Cognition Emotion,20(3-4), 430-447. Hellerstedt, R., Johansson, M. (2014). Electrophysiological correlates of competitor activation predict retrieval-induced forgetting.Cerebral Cortex,24(6), 1619-1629. Kuhbandner, C., Bà ¤uml, K. H., Stiedl, F. C. (2009). Retrieval-induced forgetting of negative stimuli: The role of emotional intensity.Cognition and Emotion,23(4), 817-830. Kuhl, B. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Kahn, I., Wagner, A. D. (2007). Decreased demands on cognitive control reveal the neural processing benefits of forgetting.Nature neuroscience,10(7), 908-914. Murayama, K., Miyatsu, T., Buchli, D., Storm, B. C. (2014). Forgetting as a consequence of retrieval: A meta-analytic review of retrieval-induced forgetting. Psychological bulletin,140(5), 1383. Ortony, A., Turner, T. J. (1990). Whats basic about basic emotions?. Psychological review,97(3), 315. Storbeck, J., Clore, G. L. (2005). With Sadness Comes Accuracy; With Happiness, False Memory Mood and the False Memory Effect.Psychological Science,16(10), 785-791. Storm, B. C., Levy, B. J. (2012). A progress report on the inhibitory account of retrieval-induced forgetting.Memory cognition,40(6), 827-843. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales.Journal of personality and social psychology,54(6), 1063.

MERCOSUR :: Essays Papers

MERCOSUR Introduction The Sectoral Commission for MERCOSUR (COMISEC) was created on April 1, 1991 by Executive Decree No. 176/991. It is made up of:  · Government Representatives and Delegates from the Office of Planning and Budget  · Chamber of Industry of Uruguay  · National Chamber of Commerce  · Mercantile Chamber of Uruguay  · Unions (PIT/CNT)  · Rural Association of Uruguay  · Rural Federation of Uruguay  · Agrarian Cooperatives Association  · State-owned Enterprises This decree entrusts COMISEC with the following functions: a) Advise the Executive Branch as regards the adoption of internal measures aimed at the application, pursuit and evaluation of the process of regional integration. b) Coordinate and supervise the performance of the subcommittees. c) Obtain and disseminate information on integration. For its part, Decree 175/991 dated April 1, 1991, created the Inter-Ministry Committee on MERCOSUR and gave the Director of the MERCOSUR Sectoral Commission authority to do the following: a) Plan and propose, to the Inter-Ministry Committee, measures necessary for the orchestration of the internal aspects of the Common Market, paying special attention to the reconversion of economic activities and the adaptation of the country to the common market. b) Carry out the necessary surveys, and to request the corresponding technical assistance. Uruguay was the first country within MERCOSUR that developed this institutional structure - which is foreseen in the constitution - so that the different sectors involved could participate in the integration process. Some Argentine Provinces and some Brazilian States have implemented institutional mechanisms in which the presence of their own social and economic agents is participatory. Paraguay has just recently created, under the Ministry of Integration, the National Committee on Integration and has invited government representatives (ministries), business groups and unions to participate. One of the goals of COMISEC is to improve the knowledge of the productive sectors and to create mechanisms for the dissemination of information throughout the country. In sum, COMISEC is an working environment where the Uruguayan civil society can be represented in order to best pursue, understand, and disseminate, in a timely manner, the key topics that are relevant to Uruguay's future with regard to its insertion in MERCOSUR. As Uruguayans, we all have our concerns especially when we think of the size of our partners, Argentina and Brazil. However, we have already been associated with these countries for many years through preferential commercial agreements. MERCOSUR and Its Origins

Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The translated Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf is the one of the most important works of Old English literature, and is well deserved of the distinction. The epic tells the story of a hero; a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monster Grendel, a descendant of Cain, and of his exploits fighting Grendel’s mother and a dragon. Throughout the epic, the Anglo-Saxon author uses many elements to build a certain depth to the characters. Three main important character elements in Beowulf are wealth and honor, Biblical, and man (good) versus wild (evil) themes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the characters in Beowulf are, like in most epics, defined by their status. But, in addition to status, the Anglo-Saxon culture also adds an element of honor. To the Anglo-Saxons, a character’s importance as well as their wealth and status was measured not only in monetary terms, but it was also measured in terms of honor, fame, and accomplishments. Hrothgar, King of the Danes, is one example of Anglo-Saxon measurement of importance in Beowulf. In the Prologue, the poet describes his wealth and importance, not only as mounds of gold or jewels, but more importantly his ease of having â€Å"Friends and kinsmen flocked to his ranks, young followers, a force that grew to be a mighty army† (lines 65-67) and his ability to create a â€Å"great mead-hall meant to be a wonder of the world forever.† (lines 69-70) Through this display of proving his ‘position of King,’ Hrothgar proves the full extent of his honor and therefore the e xtent of his wealth and status. Beowulf, the hero-prince, also proves his true wealth and status through his great deeds as defender of the Danes. As he fights and defeats Grendel, Beowulf earns fame and wealth from his companions, as well as from the Danes. More importantly, he earns honor raising him to the level of an archetypical hero. Grendel, however, is the complete opposite of Beowulf. He has no wealth, no honor, and he is infamous as an evil killer. This lack of wealth and honor defines Grendel as a symbol of evil and corruption. In addition to using honor and wealth to define a character, the poet has incorporated Biblical motifs in the epic-poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As time progressed, the rewriting and touching up of the manuscripts by various sources caused the characters to have Christian characteristics. These Christian themes have become very important to the epic to add an element of depth that wouldn’t be possible in modern times due to the loss of Anglo-Saxon culture and beliefs.

Ignorance :: essays research papers

Let us commence a journey into the much travelled topic of Ignorance. I find my self constantly drawn back to the subject of Ignorance. While much has been written on its influence on contemporary living, there are just not enough blues songs written about Ignorance. Crossing many cultural barriers it still draws remarks such as 'I wouldn't touch it with a barge pole' and 'i'd rather eat wasps' from the over 50, who are yet to grow accustomed to its disombobulating nature. Relax, sit back and gasp as I display the rich tapestries of Ignorance. Social Factors While some scholars have claimed that there is no such thing as society, this is rubbish. When Sir Bernard Chivilary said 'hounds will feast on society' [1] he saw clearly into the human heart. A society without Ignorance is like a society without knowledge, in that it is crunchy on the outside but soft in the middle. Recent thought on Ignorance has been a real eye-opener for society from young to old. It grows stonger every day. Economic Factors We no longer live in a world which barters 'I'll give you three cows for that hat, itï ¿ ½,s lovely.' Our existance is a generation which cries 'Hat - $20.' We will study the Simple-Many-Pies model of economics. Housing Prices It goes with out saying that housing prices cannot sustain this instability for long. Many analysts fear a subsequent depression. Political Factors Politics has in some areas been seen to embrace an increasing ananiathesis of intergovernmentalism leading to neo-functionalism. Looking at the spectrum represented by a single political party can be reminiscent of comparing chalk and cheese. In the words of that most brilliant mind Odysseus T. Time 'People in glass houses shouldn't through parties.' [2] I couldn't have put it better my self. When it comes to Ignorance this is clearly true. History tells us that Ignorance will always be a vote winner, whether we like it, or not.

The Box Tree Case

Strike always results to the loss of trust between the employer and striking workers. In the case of the Box Tree Restaurant, the workers went on strike after losing their trust on their former employer, Augustin Paege, who denied them of their commissions because he wanted to reduce his payroll expenses by $100,000. After the strike, these workers could be expected to hold back as far as trusting their employer is concerned. On the other hand, after what Baruch and her replacement employees went through at the hands of the striking workers, they are not expected either to easily trust the returning workers.The most critical job for Gila Baruch, therefore, if she wants to â€Å"restore the once sterling reputation† of Box Tree, is to rebuild trust among all parties concerned. (Corsun, Young, & Shinnar, n. d. ) The situation, however, is not hopeless. Rebuilding trust is still possible. But they should do several things urgently. First, everybody should resort to â€Å"self-ac ceptance. † This means that they should learn to accept who they are and be secured in their identity so that they could develop trust in others. (Messina, n. d.) For instance, Baruch should accept the fact that if not for the strike she would not end up owning a promising business. The replacement workers are on the same boat as Baruch. They have the strikers to thank for their jobs. If not for the strike, there would not have been any vacancy in the restaurant for them to fill. In addition, they should not forget that they, too, are workingmen like the strikers and as such, want to be fairly compensated for their time and effort – exactly what the strikers wanted in the first place.Finally, the returning strikers should be aware that they are also indebted to Baruch and the replacement workers who made it possible for the Box Tree to stay in operation in spite of the work stoppage that they tried to instigate. Without them, the restaurant would have collapsed, they wo uld have completely lost their jobs, and then their strike would have been an exercise in futility. Once they accept who they are and what the strike has done for their benefits, they should be able to trust each other because their livelihood, in fact, clearly depends on one another.Another way by which trust could be rebuilt is for everybody to work hard for the establishment of â€Å"a healing environment. † This means that Baruch, the replacement workers, and the returning strikers should adopt a â€Å"healing mode† which will enable everybody to employ â€Å"forgiveness, understanding, and healthy communication to resolve problems and issues. † Once they are in this mode, they would be able to forget the insults and the animosities during the strike and heal the wounds they created, thereby allowing for an atmosphere conducive for the rebuilding of trust.(Messina, n. d. ) They, particularly the replacement workers and the returning strikers, should also str ive for a â€Å"reduction of a sense of competition. † In other words, they should do away with their jealousies and stop being defensive with one another. Instead, everybody should start cooperating for the common good. (Messina, n. d. ) The replacement workers, specifically, should not make a big thing out of the seniority status afforded the returning strikers and instead accept the fact that they joined the company at a much later time.The affected parties should likewise â€Å"let go of their fear. † Fear is such a restricting feeling which impedes people from behaving normally and objectively towards one another. A person who fears another for any reason could never trust that person. (Messina, n. d. ) The replacement workers, for instance, should not feel threatened by the return of the strikers. They should find security in Baruch’s desire â€Å"to reward [their] hard work and loyalty† during the strike. (Corsun, Young, & Shinnar, n. d.) The retur ning workers, on the other hand, should not be afraid that Baruch will be treating them with suspicion because of what they did. They should instead show Baruch that they mean no harm for her and the restaurant and that their only reason for returning to their jobs was to resume working and continue earning for their families. Reference Corsun, D. L. , Young, C. A. & Shinnar, R. S. (n. d. ). The Box Tree. Order #32096240 attachment. Messina, J. J. (n. d. ). Building Trust. Retrieved October 10, 2007 from http://www. coping. org/growth/trust. htm

Colgate-Palmolive Company profile Essay

Colgate –Palmolive is a well-known brand that served more than a billion of people all around the world in different country. This company is founded in 1806 and the founder is known as William Colgate. For now, Colgate is running in a multinational consumer products company that focused on the production, distribution and provision of household, health and personal care products. Meanwhile, the mission and goals of Colgate is by reducing total delivered cost, extending technology resources and developing excellence in purchasing, logistics and sourcing processes to provide Colgate with a significant competitive advantage (Colgate World of Care, 2014). Product Overview Nowadays, Colgate provides oral care, personal care, home care and pet nutrition product under different trusted brands like Colgate, Palmolive, Speed Stick, Protex, Ajax, Axion, GLO, Softlan and Lady Speed Stick. In our opinion, Colgate should come out with a new production line extension for kid’s toothpaste by adding more different flavor. As what we know, nowadays most of the parent will let their kid’s to choice their own toothpaste, so that they will more likely to brush their teeth daily with using their favorite toothpaste. Besides, this new product line extension will also provide Colgate to have a more competitive advantage in the market. Competitor Analysis The major competitor for this new product line extension is Kodomo Lion. This company is the leading company in Malaysia for kid’s toothpaste as they are the specialist in this region (Kodomo Lion, 2014). Next, the strength of this strong competitor is they are specialist in producing kid’s toothpaste for many years, their brand is well-known by a lot of customer that have children and the consumer have bigger confidence for Kodomo kid’s toothpaste against other competitors as the toothpaste that produce by Kodomo contain ‘Xylitol’, which is something that could reverse early formation of tooth decay in teeth (Shen Li, 2014). But, there is also a weakness of this strong competitor. Kodomo Lion is not often to have an advertisement for their product, therefore, Colgate have a very big chance to increase their market in this region by attracting more new customer like new mother and father  that just have their kid’s. Target Market and Positioning Strategy By using the bases for segmenting consumer markets, demographic segment is the most suitable segment for this new product line extension by dividing the market into groups based on variables such as family size, family life cycle and age. On the other hand, the consumer in this target market must have the characteristic as the consumer household must have at least a kid`s and have the knowledge to maintain the health of teeth for kid`s. Example, parent and guardian; that both of them have the highest consumption of the product as there are the one that decide to purchase which brand of kid`s toothpaste even though they are the non-user in the product category. Then, when come to the positioning strategy, this new product could use the benefits, needs or solution positioning strategy. With adding more new flavor to this product that the competitor do not have, it will give the product a distinctive edge and this will also help the product to differentiate from the competitor as there is only a single company is producing this kind of flavor for kid`s toothpaste. Core Product The core product is the intangible product that cannot be touched (Cuccureddu, 2011). It is the benefits of the product that makes it valuable to the customers, which determine customer’s decision (Friesner, 2014). Therefore, when Colgate comes out with the kid’s toothpaste, it will emphasizes on the benefits that it enables clean, strong, and healthy teeth as well as the prevention of tooth decay for kids. It will also point out in all Colgate kid’s toothpaste advertisement that the calcium contain in its kid’s toothpaste is able to lead to a stronger and healthier teeth since calcium has been widely believed to have strengthen the teeth. Actual Product The actual product is the tangible and actual physical of product (Cuccureddu, 2011). It includes the level of quality, special product and service features, branding, styling and packaging (Friesner, 2014). In the case for this Colgate kid’s toothpaste, its actual product would be the toothpaste itself that contain high level of fluoride and calcium and also include different color of packaging for different type of flavor in order  to persuade customer to buy the toothpaste. For example, pink packaging for strawberry, orange packaging for orange, purple packaging for grape, and red packaging for apple. The most importantly is the logo, Colgate, which color can only be white to promote clean and healthy teeth. Augmented Product The augmented product can be referred as the non-physical part of product (Cuccureddu, 2011). It usually consists of additional features or benefits and added value to the actual product (Friesner, 2014). For the Colgate kid’s toothpaste, the important augmented features that it will have include is the flip-cap package so it will be more easier to use and also more convenient to store for the kids. Another augmented feature Colgate kid’s toothpaste has is that it offers a very lovely and likeable taste as well as fresher breath. Branding Colgate can develop a stronger branding for the kid’s toothpaste through advertising. For example, Colgate can advertise their product through magazine ads, commercial ads and printed ads that can be placed in billboards on roadsides, sides of buses and dentist offices. This can be done to promote the new kid’s toothpaste and create parents awareness at the same time as well as remind them of existing products. Packaging As for the packaging, Colgate kid’s toothpaste has to come in eye-catching and attractive colorful pack in order to get attention from customers. As mentioned earlier, the kid’s toothpaste should come with different packaging color according to the types of flavor so that parents or kids can easily locate it from the retailer shelf. Labeling When comes to the labeling, it is important for Colgate to have include label in the kid’s toothpaste as reference for the customers like parents. For example, it should include the list of active and inactive ingredients, purpose, direction to use, warning and many more to provide necessary information for the parents. Provision It is a wise idea for Colgate to market the kid’s toothpaste with user-friendly packaging such as flip-cap package to replace the old twist  cap. It provides a more convenient and ease of use of the toothpaste not only for parents but also for the kids so they won’t left the cap open. Promotion in the marketing is like a tool, which helps a company to let the people know about the product. The main purpose of the promotion is to Create Awareness, Persuasion, Education, Information, Emotion, Brand Loyalty, and Understanding. Adopting a good promotional strategy Colgate has succeeded to retain its customers and image. By this Colgate strongly focuses on different promotional strategies i.e. mass selling, advertising, publicity and sale promotion etc. Colgate has done in the past and still doing at the moment. Advertising Advertising is the paid and non- personal communication of a marketing message by an identified sponsor through mass media such as television, newspapers, magazines, Internet or radios (Levens, 2012, p. 228).Advertising is typically done to promote and inform consumers about the new products as well as build awareness among them. The reason we choose advertising as one of our promotional strategies is because it is a cost effective and creative way to communicate with group of customers, can effectively inform consumers about the features and benefits of the new product, it can help begin and maintain a dialogue with a target market. Our advertising objective is to inform and provide consumers with features and benefits of the new product as well as build awareness in the market to attract consumers. Our target market for this new product is kids, so we have decided to advertise our product through mass media such as commercials on TV, magazines and reading materials. Almost all groups of people will spend their time on watching TV so commercials on TV are essential and necessary to build awareness and attract our target market, kids. For example, when kids saw something they are interested in, definitely they will request their parents to buy it for them like every kids do. Of course, attracting kids only will not be enough to attract consumers. We have also decided advertise through magazines and reading materials to aware parents of the new product. Every parents are definitely willing to buy a product that will be best and benefits their kids. These will definitely stimulating the demand and hence boost the sales of this new product. Sales Promotion Sales promotion is defined as short-term activities that encourage the sales of a product or service. Sales promotion usually involved a wide assortment of tools such as coupons and premiums to attract customers. For examples: organizations use sales promotion to create response in the market by adding urgency, and changing what the customers perceive value for money. In this assignment we put our main focus on customer promotions. We would set up few kiosks in healthcare section of different shopping malls, and offer consumers our new flavor Colgate toothpaste in small packing for free when they tending to purchase Colgate toothpaste. Besides that, we will encourage those customers who tried the new flavor Colgate toothpaste to make a repeat purchase. To achieve that goal, we will offer them a value pack of our toothpaste in order to get their attention and make immediate purchase. With all these efforts, the purchase time will be shorten and achieving high sales (Hose, 2014). The cost will be high at initial stage, but eventually this would boost up the sales with low profits. Most important is we may achieve repeated sales of our new product, and also increase the market shares. In long term, if we putting more efforts on sales promotion, this will pull consumers away from our competitors such as Darlie, Sensodyne, Fresh & White and others. Lastly, the sales promotion can be used as a helpful marketing tool in order to achieve company promotional goal, as it may benefit Colgate to attract more new potential consumer further enhance the market share with their new flavor toothpaste (Boundless, 2014) Public relations Public relations is a communication that is designed to improve and enhance mutual understanding and positively affect relationships between marketer and its internal and external publics (Levens, 2012, p.233). The internal and external publics are people inside or outside the company such as customers, employees, suppliers, distributors, community members and others. The objectives of public relations are building product awareness, providing information and building goodwill among an organization’s target market through events, conferences, public appearance and sponsorship. We have decided to include public relations in our promotional tools because public relations objectives can be attained at a very low cost compared to other  promotional tools, well-structured public relation conferences, events, campaigns and sponsorship can reveal and expose more detailed information to target market. For example, we can organize special events on holidays to interact with consumers face to face in a more crowded area such as shopping mall, provide a talk for consumers about the features and benefits of the new product on how can it benefits the target market. We can also offer giveaway prizes of the new toothpaste in a smaller package to the consumers who have participated in the event to attract more consumers to attend the event. By this, consumers will have a chance to try our products thus we can get feedbacks from them. Besides, we can also organize ‘Health and Care’ campaigns in primary schools to inform the kids about the importance of brushing teeth and taking good care of our tooth. Hence, demonstrate on how to brush our tooth correctly and provide them with the new toothpaste in a mini package so that everyone can have a try. With the new flavors in the toothpaste, it is believed that kids will definitely attracted to the flavors and ask their parents to bu y for them. References List Boundless (2014) Sales promotion. Available from: https://www.boundless.com/definition/sales-promotion/ [Accessed 10 May 2014] Colgate World of Care (2014), Global Procurement Mission & Goals. Available from: http://www.colgate.com/app/Colgate/US/Corp/ContactUs/GMLS/MissionAndGoals.cvsp [Accessed 10th May 2014]. Cuccureddu, G. (2011). Co-creation And The Impact On The Three Levels Of Product. [online] Business Insider. Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/co-creation-and-the-impact-on-the-three-levels-of-product-2011-9?IR=T& [Accessed 13 May. 2014]. Emily, W (2014) Marketing Mix – Promotion and Promotional Strategies. Available from: http://www.learnmarketing.net/promotion.htm [Accessed 9 May 2014] Friesner, T. (2014). Three Levels of a Product – Marketing Teacher. [online] Marketing Teacher. Available at: http://www.marketingteacher.com/three-levels-of-a-product/ [Accessed 13 May. 2014]. Hose, C (2014) Difference between Advertising Strategy & Promotion Strateg y. Available from:

Research approach

Evidence and structure are the keys to constructing a convincing and logical argument in support of the idea, insight, contention or recommendation you want to make. In today's business environment it is unlikely that you will be able to find the answer to your question in a single source. You may not find any articles that directly address your question. Therefore, you need to research†¦. And I do not mean being able to use Google Like a good lawyer, you have to bring together a number of different pieces of information.On their own each piece does not mean much but hen you add them all together and YOU explain to the reader how the pieces of Information Interconnect and what the combining of all this Information demonstrates – you are creating a convincing, logical argument. Students often only use the prescribed textbook as the evidence base for their argument. The information within these is generally sound. However, business people do not make decisions based on one source of Information and neither should you.There are a number of search techniques and sources of information that will make the process of generating information easier. If it a completely new topic for you start broad and move to the specific; start with easy to read, general business writing and move to more credible but technical academic writing. If you are a visual learner In the global digital age competition between the worlds best educational institutions is increasing.

Gifted And Talented Children Education Essay

What methods of proviso for immature gifted and talented kids can be implemented in Early Old ages scenes, and how good are these methods to the kids ‘s development? The term ‘gifted and talented ‘ ( GAT ) is seldom used in relation to Early Old ages ( EY ) scenes. This is chiefly because proviso for GAT kids has, historically talking, focused preponderantly on higher degrees of instruction ( Gross, 1999 ) . However, the necessity of catering for the societal, emotional and cognitive demands of GAT kids in EY scenes is besides extremely of import, for two chief grounds. First, on a professional degree, all EY practicians must follow with authorities statute law sing the proviso for GAT kids. Second, and every bit significantly, on a personal degree, it is at this early phase of a kid ‘s life that their development progresses the most quickly ( George, 2003 ) . Therefore, if the kid ‘s ability can be foremost identified, and so nurtured through appropriate proviso, so, because the kid ‘s head is more waxy at this clip, the likeliness of successfully developing their precocious gift or endowment will increase as a effe ct. This raises a cardinal issue: the inquiry of what constitutes being ‘gifted and talented ‘ . Harmonizing to the Department for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) , kids classified as being gifted and talented ‘have one or more abilities developed to a degree significantly in front of their twelvemonth group ‘ ( DCSF, 2009 ) . This construct is extended by Renzulli ( 1998 ) , who formulated a ‘three pealing construct of giftedness ‘ based on his research into the discernible features of kids who displayed illustrations of ‘gifted behavior ‘ . He surmised that, in add-on to the above facet of above mean ability, there must besides be elements of creativeness and undertaking committedness displayed by the kid in order for their behavior to be described as ‘gifted ‘ . The above brief definitions of what it means for a kid to be regarded as ‘gifted and talented ‘ , while valid in wide educational footings, do however present cardinal jobs when used to turn to this issue in relation to early old ages scenes. With respect to Renzulli ‘s definition affecting creativeness and undertaking committedness, these elements may non be immediately evident in the kid ‘s actions due to the societal and emotional immatureness of the kid at such a immature age. Harmonizing to Fowler ( 1999 ) , this is because the kid ‘s rational ability has progressed at a much faster rate than other cardinal developmental factors. Consequently, this could take to behavioral, emotional and societal troubles until this instability has been corrected. Furthermore, with respect to the DCSF definition refering above mean ability, because the kid has had small or no experience of formal instruction at this phase, it is hard, on an official degree, to set u p how far in front of the ‘developmental curve ‘ ( Raty et al, 2002 ) the kid is. When a kid first enters an EY scene, their ability will non hold been officially assessed prior to entry, so an EY practician would ab initio be incognizant of the kid ‘s gift or endowment. This leads to an underpinning issue sing the successful holistic development of immature GAT kids: the designation of their peculiar strength ( or combination of strengths ) at this early phase. Some of the indexs that could mean that a kid is gifted and talented include being able to read books intend for much older kids, holding a well wider vocabulary than might be expected at this early phase, or making exceeding graphics for their age, amongst many others. Many of these indexs are comparatively simple to place, even at this early phase of the kid ‘s development. However, troubles could originate for practicians in the early designation of these abilities. It can be argued that some abilities are harder to place than others. For illustration, a kid with extremely advanced verbal accomplishments has an ability that would be more immediately evident to a practician than one with an exceeding memory for their age. However, to take this thought a phase farther, if a kid has, for case, hapless motor accomplishments or a limited vocabulary, the possibility, however, still exists that their gift or endowment prevarications in another developmental country. Sutherland ( 20 06 ) argues that ‘it is this diverseness that makes designation so hard ‘ . In these instances, it is imperative to look beyond the obvious, as these hitherto latent abilities may merely necessitate the right state of affairs or undertaking to trip their outgrowth and subsequent designation. On the other manus, these abilities can frequently attest themselves long before a kid even enters early old ages instruction ( Sankar-DeLeeuw, 2002 ) . During this really early phase of babyhood, the kid may already exhibit marks of advanced reading and speech production accomplishments. These can be ‘a powerful forecaster of remarkably high rational ability ‘ ( Gross, 1999 ) . The of import point to bear in head is that these abilities will already hold been observed by the kid ‘s parents before the kid enters any EY scene. Parents can take an active function in fostering their kid ‘s development, by, for illustration, playing simple word or figure games with them. Furthermore, harmonizing to research by Koshy and Robinson ( 2006 ) , immature GAT kids frequently have sufficient motive degrees to prosecute their involvements with a grade of independency, after the initial parental engagement. These observations and subsequent engagements can go a focal point of treatment between parents and EY practicians refering the continuance of the kid ‘s development in the scene. This besides marks the start of the key relationship between the parents and the practician, who can join forces to seek to guarantee that the kid ‘s demands are met every bit to the full as possible. These parental and professional positions, with the possibility of uniting the two in partnership, are important in the early designation of immature kids ‘s precocious abilities. Although the importance of this procedure with respect to the kid is undeniable, the issue remains that this is merely the first measure towards the kid carry throughing their potency in their country or countries of strength. George ( 2003 ) argues that merely the ‘potential for giftedness ‘ exists in immature kids. In order for this aptitude to be developed every bit to the full as possible, an ‘optimal environment ‘ must be provided by any early old ages puting. This straight illustrates the following measure: the necessity to provide for such kids with child-centred, age-appropriate and individualized proviso. By and large talking, EY scenes do non specifically refer to gifted and talented proviso in their functionary policy certification. This can be attributed to the fact that, harmonizing to the DCSF ( 2009 ) : ‘there is no specific counsel ( sing the gifted and talented ) for the Early Years ‘ . However, all scenes are lawfully obliged to follow with the rules contained within the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS ) Framework. Some of these rules are per se relevant to providing for immature GAT kids: in peculiar, ‘Observation, Assessment and Planning ‘ , ‘Supporting Every Child ‘ and ‘The Learning Environment ‘ . These all autumn under the subject of ‘Enabling Environments ‘ . ( DCSF, 2009 ) These specific criterions entitle all kids, irrespective of ability, to hold their single educational demands met by EY practicians through a procedure of careful planning and individualized proviso in an inclusive scene. In the instanc e of immature GAT kids, this system promotes ‘developmentally appropriate ‘ and child-centred pattern ( Harrison, 2000 ) . This underpins all methods of GAT proviso: by providing for the kids ‘s identified countries of advanced ability, EY practicians can supply acquisition experiences where immature kids can heighten their bing accomplishments, prosecute their single involvements, and besides, to a certain extent, start to take duty for their ain acquisition, even at this early phase of their instruction. There are several different methods of proviso for GAT kids across all educational phases. However, some of these are inappropriate for much younger kids to be put through, and impractical for EY practicians to implement. A noteworthy illustration of this is ability grouping, the use of which is preponderantly restricted to secondary school instruction and the latter phases of primary instruction. This method is clearly impracticable as a probationary scheme for younger kids, for a assortment of grounds. Learning is less curriculum-based and more play-based ; the kids will non hold been officially assessed ; and it is unjust on ethical evidences. Conversely, some methods of proviso are more appropriate for the educational demands of immature GAT kids. Three in peculiar base out: acceleration ( cited in Cuikerhorn et Al, 2007 ) , extension ( cited in Meador, 1996 ; Sankar-DeLeeuw, 2002 ; Distin, 2006 ) , and enrichment ( cited in Gross, 1999 ; George, 2003 ; Koshy and Robinson, 2006 ) . In overall footings, acceleration increases the gait of the kids ‘s acquisition ; extension increases the deepness of larning in a specific country or subject ; and enrichment increases the comprehensiveness of larning across a scope of countries or subjects. Moltzen ( 2006 ) states that these methods of proviso have distinction at their nucleus: acceleration and extension are types of quantitative distinction, while enrichment is a type of qualitative distinction. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages non merely for the cognitive development of immature GAT kids, but besides, every bit significantly, for their societal a nd emotional development. It is critical for EY practicians to make a socially and emotionally supportive environment within the puting if any of these methods are to hold any step of success in providing for the kids ‘s educational demands. Acceleration, in wide footings, involves traveling through the course of study at a faster gait than would usually be expected for a kid of that age. It typically involves take parting in activities and undertakings relevant to a higher twelvemonth group, accompanied by traveling to higher twelvemonth groups to work with older kids. These processs are comparatively common in the United States of America, but are rarely used in the United Kingdom at this early phase ( Koshy and Casey, 1997 ) . These procedures of ‘fast-tracking ‘ and ‘accelerated larning ‘ are advocated in the 1997 ‘Excellence in Schools ‘ White Paper* ( cited in DCSF, 2009 ) as a manner to ‘stretch the most able ‘ . However, from an early old ages position, this scheme would merely be used in instances where the kid ‘s ability in a peculiar country is so far in front of their age group that this becomes the lone practical solution, although this step would merely be necessary for a really little per centum of immature GAT kids. For these choice few, the premier benefit of this method of proviso is that they can work at a degree that is tailored to their single demands, which, in bend, will increase their motive and overall educational satisfaction degrees. Harmonizing to research by Gross ( 1999 ) , they accordingly tend to ‘perform every bit good as or better than their older schoolmates ‘ . Another educational benefit is that many immature GAT kids find it easier to associate to older kids because they are more closely matched, both intellectually and in footings of their scope of involvements ( Distin, 2006 ) . However, a contrasting position is held by Cuikerhorn et Al ( 2007 ) , who emphasises that working with a higher age group can take to societal isolation from kids of their ain age. As mentioned before, immature GAT kids, though by and large better developed cognitively and academically than other kids of the same age, are still at the same societal and emotional developmental phase as their equals. Therefore, it is important that they portion experiences, peculiarly play-related 1s, with them excessively: this is an of import facet of childhood. Furthermore, acceleration can increase the force per unit area on kids to move more maturely faster than they are able to get by with, both socially and emotionally. It could be argued that it is unjust to enforce such an outlook on really immature kids. Extension is the 2nd method of proviso to see. Broadly speech production, this involves immature GAT kids take parting in activities and undertakings suited for most kids of that age, but with some distinguishable versions to provide for their more advanced academic demands. One noteworthy type of version is kids ‘s engagement in open-ended activities, devised by the EY practician, that stem from an initial stimulation. A good illustration of such a undertaking was observed by Meador ( 1996 ) in an EY scene. The original activity for all kids was to make their ain ‘ant hill bite ‘ by distributing peanut butter over a vanilla wafer with a fictile knife, so puting three raisin emmets on it, and eventually eating it. The drawn-out activity for the GAT kids was to be after to do ant hills for five kids, so to work out how many vanilla wafers and raisins they would necessitate to make this, and eventually to explicate their reply to the practician. In this case, the draw n-out undertaking is open-ended because there are multiple agencies of happening the replies ( Meador, 1996 ) ; kids could, for illustration, draw images of the wafers and the ‘ants ‘ and number them on the piece of paper, or by utilizing items or their fingers. This highlights a cardinal facet of extension: the manner in which undertakings can be designed to develop and dispute the kids ‘s mind. This issue of challenge is of import for two chief grounds. First, when they are working at a degree that better suits their demands, this can hold a positive consequence on their motive and undertaking committedness. Second, if they are able to finish a more ambitious activity, they can derive a sense of accomplishment from it, which will in bend aid to hike their assurance and self-belief. Extension undertakings besides have the capacity to let GAT kids, even at an early age, to utilize more advanced degrees of thought accomplishments ( Bloom, 1985, cited in George, 2003 ) . Taking the activity above as an illustration, they progress from the relatively simple cognitive procedure of following instructions in the first portion, to the more complex cognitive procedures of job resolution and explicating a pick of attack in the 2nd portion. If these more advanced acquisition accomplishments can be developed through extension at this early phase, the kid will be far better prepared for later degrees of schooling where these accomplishments become a necessity in more formal schoolroom state of affairss ( Goodhew, 2009 ) . However, the method of extension as a method of proviso has some possible drawbacks. If the immature GAT kids are being invariably extended, so the danger exists that this focal point on more ambitious activities may take to the disregard of cardinal accomplishments and rights. In the early old ages, every kid, irrespective of ability, ‘deserves a happy childhood, full of energy, joy, optimism and growing ‘ ( Koshy and Robinson, 2006 ) . Like all other kids, they must be given chances to, for illustration, draw images, drama and communicate with their equals, explore the universe around them, and so on. Consequently, if these extension schemes are non regulated and moderated right, it can do the kid to go socially stray and emotionally detached from their equals. The 3rd method of proviso to see is enrichment. In general footings, it is similar to the extension method as it besides involves immature GAT kids take parting in activities and undertakings suited for most kids of that age. However, it differs in one chief regard. Alternatively of accommodating activities and undertakings and advancing the usage of a assortment of more advanced cognitive procedures and accomplishments, enrichment focuses more on the development of a peculiar kid ‘s single countries of strength or particular involvement. An illustration of such an involvement at an early age is described by Cuikerhorn et Al ( 2007 ) , where one peculiar GAT kid was able to declaim dinosaur names from memory and discourse intricate informations, such as their dimensions and their nutrition, with the EY practicians. They did this merely ‘because the subject excited them ‘ ( Cuikerhorn et al, 2007 ) . In this case, suited enrichment activities could include pulling images of their favorite dinosaurs utilizing felt-tip pens or little pieces of sugar paper, conceive ofing what a typical twenty-four hours in the life of a dinosaur would be like, or making role-plays with dinosaur figures. Such undertakings could be devised by the practician or the kid. Other kids can be involved in these undertakings, the 3rd one in peculiar, and by working together they can portion experiences with each other. The cardinal component here is that these undertakings are matched to the single kid ‘s demands. This has two ch ief benefits to the kid ‘s development. First, because they are already deeply interested in the subject, they will be motivated to go on their assimilation of cognition, and deepness of apprehension of it. Young GAT kids, in peculiar, have a ‘strong appetency for information ‘ ( Sankar-DeLeeuw, 2002 ) ; the enrichment attack can impart this ‘appetite ‘ into activities with meaningful results. Second, the three possible activities mentioned above ( by no agencies an thorough list ) offer originative possibilities for the immature GAT kid in different early developmental countries such as drawing, imaginativeness and coaction, the tierce of which in specific will profit the kid ‘s interpersonal accomplishments and aid to further positive equal relationships. This is a signifier of individualized acquisition, where an single kid ‘s accomplishments and abilities in all countries of development are enhanced by their ain strengths and involvements. This technique is promoted by the 2005 ‘Higher Standards for All ‘ White Paper* ( cited in DCSF, 2009 ) ; it can assist all kids, irrespective of ability, to ‘reach the bounds of their capacity ‘ . However, in order for this rule to be more to the full met in an EY scene, it is of import that enrichment is merely one built-in portion of the whole acquisition procedure for the immature GAT kid. They must besides work and play outside their peculiar country of strength or involvement to develop other cardinal accomplishments that will be required in the hereafter. This will assist to guarantee that their instruction is good balanced during the early old ages. In short, the proviso of enrichment for immature GAT kids should be implemented aboard, non alternatively of, th e regular early old ages course of study. In drumhead, it can be argued that all of these methods of proviso can further the cognitive development of immature GAT kids in EY scenes in different ways. However, the success of each method chiefly depends on each single kid ‘s demands. Some may develop academically through one method ; others may make so through a combination of methods: harmonizing to the 1999 ‘Excellence in Cities ‘ White Paper* ( cited in DCSF, 2009 ) , there is frequently no individual ‘best manner ‘ to run into all of a kid ‘s demands. EY practicians should take the method or methods of proviso based on an designation of the single kid ‘s gifts or endowments, although this is frequently a hard portion of the procedure if the ability is non immediately evident. They should so implement it with a sound consciousness of the kid ‘s societal and emotional development in head. This is peculiarly of import in the early old ages, as these features are, in most instanc es, merely merely get downing to develop at this phase. It is the well-planned, thoughtful and supportive execution of these methods that significantly lessens the opportunity of immature GAT kids sing societal and emotional jobs, while at the same clip assisting them to larn, accomplish, and most significantly enjoy themselves in an inclusive scene at this important early phase of their childhood.— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — –* Although these education-related legislative paperss are recommendations made for the proviso of talented and talented students in primary and secondary schools, I felt that the same rules, albeit in different contexts, are besides relevant to early old ages scenes. Therefore, they are included in the text. Reference List / Bibliography Bearne, E. ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1996 ) Differentiation and diverseness in the primary school. London: Routledge Cuikerhorn, J. R. et Al ( 2007 ) Serving the preschool gifted kid: scheduling and resources. 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( erectile dysfunction ) Including the talented and gifted: doing inclusion work for more talented and able scholars. Abingdon: Routledge Morgan, A. ( 2007 ) Experiences of a talented and gifted enrichment bunch for students aged five to seven. British Journal of Particular Education, 34 ( 3 ) , pp. 144-153 Raty, H. et Al ( 2002 ) What makes one able? The formation of students ‘ constructs of academic ability. International Journal of Early Years Education, 10 ( 2 ) , pp. 121-135 Renzulli, J. S. ( 1998 ) The three-ringed construct of giftedness. ( Online ) University of Connecticut. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gifted.uconn.edu/sem/semart13.html Accessed: 17th November 2009 Sankar-DeLeeuw, N. ( 2002 ) Gifted kindergartners: parent and teacher positions of designation, early admittance, and programming. Roeper Review, 24 ( 3 ) , pp. 172-192 Sternberg, R. J. & A ; Davidson, J. E. ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 2005 ) Conceptions of giftedness ( 2nd edition ) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Sutherland, M. J. ( 2006 ) The early old ages puting – an inclusive model. In Smith, C. M. M. ( erectile dysfunction ) Including the talented and gifted: doing inclusion work for more talented and able scholars. Abingdon: Routledge Tomlinson, C. A. ( erectile dysfunction ) Differentiation for gifted and gifted pupils. London: Sage